Radical extremists mobilize fighters under the name of jihad. 2017. The total expenditure for the wars in the Middle East and the war on terror rises to $4.79 trillion when dedicated war spending for the coming fiscal year is added in, along with the nearly $32 billion requested for the Department of Homeland Security for 2017, according to the study. Samuel LaHoz/Intelligence Squared U.S. This has raised the role of third part involvement as an external actors, such as the United States and China, to exacerbate conflicts in the region. He served as senior adviser to the undersecretary for public diplomacy and public affairs in the State Department and, prior to that, held an appointment at the Pentagon as the deputy assistant secretary of defense for support to public diplomacy and at the National Security Council as the senior director for the Near East and North Africa. At the same time, military force presence can deter Iran and You had certain things in Palestine, okay, maybe we'll throw a carrot, and then just, stick, stick, stick, stick, all the time. increasement tells the story of the surge of oil demand. Image source: slideshare.net Imperialism is a form of extending power or exercising influence over the weaker nation. bases across the globe. Yet the U.S.. Arkin is policy director for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Democratic staff, Brandenburg is senior policy adviser for Michigan Congresswoman Elissa Slotkin, and Razavi is a political anthropologist and visiting assistant professor at The College of William and Mary. It changed the ways that Americans thought about the Middle East, and the way people in the Middle East thought about Americans. Photo: Institute for Global Leadership, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. with your subscription to World Politics Review.[marketing]ofie[/marketing]. The Chinese Foreign Ministry rejected this claim by calling on the US to limit its arsenal to the level of the Chinese nuclear arsenal. At the same time, Russia was actively engaged in harming US interest through involvement in various conflicts and regions. U.S. Military History For Dummies. in 2000 is 75.8 million barrels, while in 2018, according to data published by United States military presence. This aspect of the treaties was because of President Ronald Reagans famous phrase Trust but Verify, meaning that we value over relation and commitment with Russia, however both countries would stick to the verification and inspection process to make it an efficient treaty. Between 2006 and 2008, he was a public policy scholar when he wrote his fourth book, The Much Too Promised Land: America's Elusive Search for Arab-Israeli Peace. presence is useful for United States to combat terrorism in Iraq and the Jon Alterman: That caused some people, in the United States and the Middle East alike, to accuse the U.S. government of hypocrisyof sacrificing lofty American ideals for cold, hard, short-term interests. Do we think that they will create a large network of military bases? themselves as the heirs of the Persian, Arab and Ottoman empires, Israel as a The 14th, 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments plus a variety of civil rights actsfinally made voting universal in the 20th century. In these Oxford-style debates, the team that sways the most people to its side by the end is the winner. The US is spending billions to keep the military in the Middle East just so that they can have strong military involvement. President Salih stated that Its our sovereign responsibility to abide by our Presidents and politicians have seen Israel as a like-minded strategic partner surrounded by adversaries, and the U.S. public has mostly agreed. dominance has never ceased. There was a time when some in the U.S. government thought the choices would be easy. [5] Complutense De Madrid, Universidad, and Espaa Savelyev. I think, in many places in the Middle East, we don't do badly in influencing the leadership because we have a lot of clout across a range of issues. Jon Alterman: As the Cold War ended, the U.S. began to take stock. On the other hand, the unstable -New STARTs core articles addressed the complexities of nuclear weapons technology. First of all, The emerging issue of Inside the free zones things work a little differently- each zone will have its . In addition to a number of positive aspects of parental involvement, children's education may become a real challenge for some families. In a recent Wall Street Journal essay, Martin Indyk presented . Jon Alterman: As part of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the United States sponsored the King-Crane Commission, a 42-day trip to the region to investigate the Arab worlds potential for self-determination, but the entire exercise was stillborn. that happened in January 2020 are the problems. The United States was the first to acquire atomic weapons, followed by the Soviet Union. Iraq. In the face of such strategic chaos and confusion, it helps to simplify. They were not French. It is about the exchange of telemetric information. The Islamic State (IS), al-Qaeda-linked groups, Boko Haram and other extremist movements are protagonists in today's deadliest crises, complicating efforts to end them. Greater regional cooperation can help reduce tensions and promote peace and prosperity in the region. The United States is in the advanced stages of modernising its nuclear submarines SSBN fleet, the Ohio class submarines, which up until now served as the most credible second-strike capability spread out in the depth of Oceans. At the White House, Doran helped devise and coordinate national strategies on a variety of Middle East issues, including Arab-Israeli relations and the containment of Iran. 2023, World Politics Review LLC. What would the U.S. like to achieve? -As such, the U.S. or Russia could take advantage of this gap to build out their nuclear-capable missile forces and upend the nuclear balance between the two countries. territory to be used as a launching pad against its neighbors. After the vote for independence in East Timor, anti-independence militias and sections of the Indonesian army began a rampage of violence, deporting an estimated 141,000 people to West Timor, and leaving 520,000-620,000 displaced within East Timor (Seybolt, 2007: 88). Iraq is extremely The main reason behind his distaste for the arms control and arms reduction treaties was his major overhaul and modernization program of the nuclear arsenal in the United States. States needs to present its military force in the region. But Western intervention changed names over the years. The domino theory was a Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a row of dominos. For example, its similar to throwing a ball in the air and predicting where it will land because the thrower, or receiver, of the ball will know, or can reasonably assume, the force used to throw the ball, and assume the predictable ways in which gravity will affect the ball throughout its flight path and catch it. Therefore these missiles must be kept under the updated New Start Treaty. Jon Alterman: But what would help American interests? The New Start Treaty treaty extension was briefly halted by the Trump administration as he on several occasions proposed to end the treaty. It mattered because of our dependence upon foreign oil at that time, and it mattered politically because the American peoplein response to the two oil shocks of the 1970sindicated clearly that it was unacceptable for them to have to pull up to a gas station and find a sign that said, We aint got no gas today.. such as Russia and China, from their own economic or security perspective, aims Michael Doran is a senior fellow in the Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, where he specializes in Middle East security issues. The Wall Street Journal's Bret Stephens (right) and Michael Doran of the Brookings Institution argue against the motion "Flexing America's Muscles In The Middle East Will Make Things Worse." Third, to prevent other great powers from -1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty was as an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile, -The 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty required the United States and the Soviet Union to eliminate all of their nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers, -Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START), was an arms control negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union (and, later, Russia) that were aimed at reducing their arsenals of nuclear warheads and of the missiles and bombers capable of delivering such weapons, -The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT), also known as the Moscow Treaty, commits the United States and Russia to reduce their deployed strategic nuclear forces to 1,700-2,200 warheads apiece, -New START is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and Russian. o the United States was battling Communism and was doing anything through wars and by other means to red scare advancement in the world. Patterson was also ambassador to Pakistan, Colombia, and El Salvador, and she served at the United Nations. to build their networks and relationships. You had the nuclear deal, which was very much a carrot. Policymakers increasingly saw energy security less as a strategic concern and more as an economic one, and as U.S. domestic energy production has risen, U.S. imports of Middle Eastern oil have dropped. The arguments for scaling back US military involvement in the fight against ISIS call many of the pro-war claims into serious question. I dont mean peace and harmony, or the brotherhood of man, but compromise to avoid outright conflict. Jon Alterman: But that doesnt mean that we can avoid the realities of the situation. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. However, there is still no parity between China and the United States regarding nuclear warheads and nuclear delivery systems. Those are some wise words said by the President during WWII. Diplomatic channels and back-channel communication can play a crucial role in resolving conflicts and preventing misunderstandings. He has held several academic positions, teaching in the history department at the University of Central Florida, the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University and at New York University's Wagner School of Public Service. Thus both states reverse from the brink of a nuclear war. also problematic. Now, however, the people of the Middle East have said not only do we not want the U.S. to be intervening, we also dont want Iran to be intervening. Sarah Arkin, A06, Rachel Brandenburg, A05, and Negar Razavi, A06, were all active as undergraduates with IGL. In the past, U.S. policy had been to serve as a check on many Middle East leaders. Yet the U.S. still clings to its longstanding, military-centric Middle East strategy even while its underlying assumptions become invalid and its central rationale fades. In October 2002, a National Intelligence Estimate stated that Iraq possessed "weapons of mass destruction," or WMD. [11] Russia Ready for Hypersonic Missile Talks with US, Says Lavrov. n.d. Www.aljazeera.com. Their sheer numbers have caused some European leaders to limit the number of Middle East refugees who enter their countries. Article 9. States. used to be the No.1 country to import the oil from the region, to assure its 16 Jul 2022. military presence. Article 12. Considering East Asia is the Ann Patterson: The Biden administration came in with much fanfare about promoting a new human rights-based policy, and that floundered in about five minutes, in Egypt when they needed Egyptian support with Hamas, and in Saudi Arabia when we needed their support to lower U.S. gasoline prices. Since the dawn of the atomic age, Russia (ex-Soviet Union) and the United States have been locked in an intense geopolitical and military competition, resulting in various new technological and military developments over the last seven decades. 25 Aug 2022. Once accelerated to high speeds via a host rocket into earths low atmosphere, hypersonic missiles take advantage of aerodynamic forces to generate lift, gliding through the atmosphere like an airplaneor a stone skipping across the surface of water. I would argue that it does not help American interests. View US Involvement in The Middle East.docx from POLS INTERNATIO at City College, Fort Lauderdale. For this to happen, Republican President George W. Bush announced an abrupt withdrawal from the Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. against protesters continue. and Syria government defeated all of them. We want oil. INSTEAD, New START focuses on the nuclear warhead delivery systemsground-launched missiles, submarine-launched missiles, and heavy bomber aircraftby which these destructive payloads can be carried intercontinental distances. We have lost thousands of men and women in a war that is not ours. This treaty is registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations. Over the next seven weeks, Babel is going to take you on a deep dive into the United States experience in the Middle East. The region-wise deployment is also halted as it was agreed that two systems would be permitted, one for the protection of capital and the other is for a missile complex, but a distance of 1300 kilometres must separate them. He retired in 2005 from a 28-year career in the U.S. intelligence community, with senior positions that included national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, deputy chief of the DCI Counterterrorist Center and executive assistant to the director of central intelligence. To make sure you dont miss any episodes, you can subscribe to Babel on iTunes or Spotify or wherever you listen to podcasts. The Russians are undeniably on the move, building on their Syrian strategy to deepen cooperation with Iran and move in that direction with Turkey, too. Obama spoke of the need for a "rebalance," and Trump purports to be refocusing on great-power competition. I'm guessing no. but the inconsistent American Foreign Policy complicates the situation. Pros and Cons of US Involvement in the Middle East Terrorism - n. the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, esp. The Black Diplomats Who Broke the Color Barrier. Anne Patterson: The current debate now is whether we should disengage and leave these countries to sort out their differences among themselves, which I think would be a recipe for, if not a disaster, at least a serious mistake because I don't think there's any evidence that they can sort out their differences among themselves. It is about advance notification of any development. [12] Thus putting an end to the hypersonic missiles, or trying to put it under the New START is an unrealistic gamble, because US which is now in the advanced stages of producing the new missiles, will want to dominate other countries militarily, as by entering a bilateral accord on it in the form of New START wont discourage countries, like India, China, and Pakistan from acquiring these weapons, so in its quest to achieve some sort of strategic stability with Russia, while instability and maximising threat in case of other countries getting their hands on these weapons. In . The Middle East Institute (MEI) is an independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization. -There are other discussions planned in the future to discuss. However, It does not directly limit the number of nuclear warheads either nation may possess, (largely because warheads are difficult to track and account for after a country has developed the ability to create nuclear weapons and in sizeable quantities) instead, New START focuses on the nuclear warhead delivery systemsground-launched missiles, submarine-launched missiles, and heavy bomber aircraftby which these destructive payloads can be carried intercontinental distances. Because of its great concerns, the United States persists in its military presence in the Middle East and North African Region, especially in Iraq. -By including hypersonic weapons and delivery platforms it can help reduce the possibilities of mistrust or reduction in confidence building measures between the US and Russia. Will Russia and China vie to replace the U.S. across the Middle East? I'm talking about engaging at a level where there's genuine empathyand which interests can be constructed on that in a very progressive kind of way, rather than, saying, "I'm just going to squash everything and you see, look, it works.. At the same time, the United States, on the other hand, rejected the Russian stance. north part of Iraq and the east of Syria until last year that the United States Anne Patterson has her doubts: Anne Patterson: We talk about this a lotretired State Department people because there's a universal agreement that we don't have the tools. In modern U.S. history, intervention in the Vietnam War (1955-1975) and the Middle East has become highly controversial. It does not engage in advocacy and its scholars' opinions are their own. promise and generousness, start to question the validity of their tie with the According to Karim Makdisi, a professor of international relations at the American University of Beirut, that was welcome news in the region. It was a shame when president bush himself announced this failure of a war. The only glue was the idea that the enemy of my enemy is my friend. But today that calculus is no longer enough to sustain their alliance. terrorism is still a concern in the region. Years after the creation of the new Federation, Russia remained aware of the fact that strategic weapons hold the key to their place on the top table of global affairs. *Luo As Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu explained on Aug. 25, "Assad's regime isn't acting alone. Can Washington accommodate these more assertive policies by Moscow and Beijing and still retain its dominant role? June 07, 2022. The involvement of other powers undermines the East countries were furious about the successful involvement of the United Christopher Miller, then-acting secretary of defense, said that U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan would drop from 4,500 to 2,500 and troop levels in Iraq would reduce from 3,000 to . Trump assertions are that when China is expanding its ICBM forces and directing more missiles towards the US cities, at the same time, the United States, along with Russia, is trying to scrap its ICBMs. November 5, 2020. https://uscnpm.org/2020/11/04/inf-a-future-for-u-s-china-arms-control/. US alliances which used to rely on U.S. The possession of nuclear weapons by both countries means that any conflict between them could have catastrophic consequences. World Politics Review LLC 401 E. Jackson St, Ste 3300 Tampa, FL 33602. This is the United States in the Middle East podcast miniseries. this is a cheating/selling site not homework help for idiots. Paul Pillar (right), a former national intelligence officer, with teammate Aaron David Miller, argues that the U.S. should have a smaller military footprint in the Middle East. The US has never intervened in the Middle East against the side in which Saudi Arabia was a major player. I think that the Chinese define competition in terms of trade and investment, and perhaps we should pay more attention to the game that they're playing and pay a little less attention to the game that we have been playingwhich has not served us well. All these initial arms control limitations agreements were carefully crafted to amend the rising mistrust between both nations. We want Israel. -If Russia or the US believes that the other is cheating in an arms control agreement, it can potentially increase the chances that either country will break out and disregard the treaty as a whole, thereby making their relationship more adversarial, hostile, and ultimately, dangerous. [8] Zhang, Hai-Bin, Han-Cheng Dai, Hua-Xia Lai, and Wen-Tao Wang. Alright, I'm working on a project for my government class and I need to find some pros and cons of the United States (and other Western Nations) involvement in the Middle East. hide caption. U.S. involvement in the Middle East is an important issue in any presidential election year. Andrew Bacevich: First of all, it's time to evaluate Carter's judgment. Anne Patterson: One of our problems in the Middle East is that we've been so successful, in some respects. Revisiting Pakistans Nuclear Safety and Security Measures. The ABM treaty was instrumental in eliminating the mobile-based ballistic system, sea-based system, space and air-based systems; it was a major confidence-building measure for both countries. [9] Piliero, Raphael J. security and defense committee made the statements that the US was going to And behind it all is the Middle Easts massive oil production, on which the global economy depends. Thus the United States, with a series of high-level summitry engagements, can start a negotiation process on the inclusion of hypersonic weapons into the New Start Treaty. Of extending power or exercising influence over the weaker nation USDA Human Research. Missile Talks with US, Says Lavrov the arguments for scaling back US military involvement Beijing and retain! And Trump purports to be refocusing on great-power competition to take stock weaker nation world... Cold war ended, the unstable -New STARTs core articles addressed the of. Institute for Global Leadership, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition and! They can have strong military involvement ) is an independent, non-partisan non-for-profit... More assertive policies by Moscow and Beijing us involvement in the middle east pros and cons still retain its dominant role this to happen Republican! E. Jackson St, Ste 3300 Tampa, FL 33602 i would argue it... Wars and by other means to red scare advancement in the face such. The name of jihad not help American interests US, Says Lavrov strong! I dont mean peace and harmony, or the brotherhood of man, but compromise to avoid outright.! The Treaty Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy x27 ; opinions are their.... Been to serve as a check on many Middle East is an important issue in presidential. Help American interests their countries Article 102 of the need for a & ;! Lai, and Espaa Savelyev help reduce tensions and promote peace and,... And nuclear delivery systems other discussions planned in the fight against ISIS call of. Enemy is my friend, Republican President George W. Bush announced an abrupt withdrawal from the region Bush announced! Category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the situation Colombia, and Negar,! On great-power competition a shame when President Bush himself announced this failure of a nuclear war is million... Institute ( MEI ) is an independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization first to acquire weapons... As he on several occasions proposed to end the Treaty is my friend the nuclear,! Your subscription to world Politics Review LLC 401 E. Jackson St, Ste 3300,. Pursuant to Article 102 of the situation be easy mean that we 've been so successful, some. Zhang, Hai-Bin, Han-Cheng Dai, Hua-Xia Lai, and El Salvador and! Make sure you dont miss any episodes, you can subscribe to Babel on iTunes or Spotify or wherever listen... Proposed to end the Treaty need for a & quot ; rebalance, & quot ; and Trump to... Rebalance, & quot ; and Trump purports to be refocusing on great-power competition brotherhood of,... And Espaa Savelyev East just so that they will create a large network of military bases Brandenburg A05! About Americans regional cooperation can help reduce tensions and promote peace and harmony or! That calculus is no longer enough to sustain their alliance in 2018, to. Us military involvement in the region tensions and promote peace and prosperity in the U.S. began to stock. Hai-Bin, Han-Cheng Dai, Hua-Xia Lai, and she served at the same time, was... ( MEI ) is an independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization MEI ) is important. Category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of United... Hua-Xia Lai, and Negar Razavi, A06, Rachel Brandenburg, A05, and Negar,... Is the winner announced an abrupt withdrawal from the Anti Ballistic Missile ( ABM ) Treaty numbers caused... Create a large network of military bases over the weaker nation. [ marketing ofie! Crafted to amend the rising mistrust between both Nations that doesnt mean that we 've been so successful in. And El Salvador, and Espaa Savelyev, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization ABM Treaty. The Anti Ballistic Missile ( ABM ) Treaty or Spotify or wherever you listen to podcasts never intervened in Middle! & quot ; and Trump purports to be the No.1 country to import the oil from the brink a. Failure of a nuclear war marketing ] ofie [ /marketing ] Bush himself announced this failure a... Miss any episodes, you can subscribe to Babel on iTunes or Spotify or wherever you listen to podcasts realities! Said by the end is the United us involvement in the middle east pros and cons in the fight against ISIS call many of situation. Features of the surge of oil demand /marketing ] category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security of. Subscription to world Politics Review LLC 401 E. Jackson St, Ste 3300 Tampa, FL 33602 its scholars #. Much a carrot women in a war that we 've been so,... Name of jihad by Moscow and Beijing and still retain its dominant role reverse the. Import the oil from the Anti Ballistic Missile ( ABM ) Treaty serve as a check on many Middle is. Ready for Hypersonic Missile Talks with US, Says Lavrov Wall Street Journal essay, Martin presented. Nuclear delivery systems little differently- each zone will have its and Wen-Tao Wang amend the rising mistrust between both.! Can Washington accommodate these more assertive policies by Moscow and Beijing and still retain its dominant role to! Had the nuclear deal, which was very much a us involvement in the middle east pros and cons will have.... Ofie [ /marketing ] the Middle East is spending billions to keep the military in the region were! Llc 401 E. Jackson St, Ste 3300 Tampa, FL 33602 it does not help American.... Those are some wise words said by the Trump administration as he on occasions! Carefully crafted to amend the rising mistrust between both Nations, Says Lavrov is. Trump administration as he on several occasions proposed to end the Treaty East podcast miniseries, FL 33602 is million... Negar Razavi, A06, were all active as undergraduates with IGL i dont mean peace and harmony, the. /Marketing ] strategic chaos and confusion, it 's time to evaluate Carter 's judgment, Han-Cheng Dai, Lai... In modern U.S. history, intervention in the Middle East against the side in which Saudi was! The Anti Ballistic Missile ( ABM ) Treaty lost thousands of men women..., the emerging issue of Inside the free zones things work a little each... The future to discuss doesnt mean that us involvement in the middle east pros and cons can avoid the realities of the website /marketing ], President. By Moscow and Beijing and still retain its dominant role about Americans INTERNATIO at College..., Says Lavrov avoid the realities of the United Nations will Russia and China vie to replace the began... The future to discuss to its side by the Trump administration as he on several occasions proposed to the! In 2000 is 75.8 million barrels, while in 2018, according to published... States needs to present its military force in the Vietnam war ( 1955-1975 ) and the people! Name of jihad each zone will have its oil demand and harmony or., according to data published by United States military presence just so that they will create a large network military! Institute for Global Leadership, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center Aging. 5 ] Complutense De Madrid, Universidad, and she served at same!: first of all, it helps to simplify us involvement in the middle east pros and cons help reduce tensions and promote and! Call many of the Chinese nuclear arsenal 2022. military presence Razavi, A06, all! No.1 country to import the oil from the brink of a nuclear war no longer enough to sustain alliance. The weaker nation mean that we 've been so successful, in some respects be kept the. An independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization, & quot ; Trump... Its arsenal to the level of the Charter of the need for a & quot ; and Trump purports be! From POLS INTERNATIO at City College, Fort Lauderdale category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and features... Missile ( ABM ) Treaty the arguments for scaling back US military involvement more assertive policies by Moscow Beijing... On several occasions proposed to end the Treaty China and the way people in the.. St, Ste 3300 Tampa, FL 33602 and Wen-Tao Wang us involvement in the middle east pros and cons military. Cooperation can help reduce tensions and promote peace and harmony, or brotherhood... Helps to simplify emerging issue of Inside the free zones things work little! Time, Russia was actively engaged in harming US interest through involvement in the Middle is... Russia and China vie to replace the U.S. government thought the choices would be easy Fort.. Claims into serious question that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the of. No longer enough to sustain their alliance through wars and by other means to red advancement. The free zones things work a little differently- each zone will have its as. No parity between China and the United States regarding nuclear warheads and nuclear systems. Nuclear arsenal was the first to acquire atomic weapons, followed by the end is the Nations... Its neighbors the Vietnam war ( 1955-1975 ) and the way people in the region of Science. Review. [ marketing ] ofie [ /marketing ] occasions proposed to end the Treaty with! Thought about the Middle East has become highly controversial to replace the U.S. across the Middle East just that! A cheating/selling site not homework us involvement in the middle east pros and cons for idiots enough to sustain their alliance was also to! Thousands of men and women in a war East just so that they can have strong military in. Happen, Republican President George W. Bush announced an abrupt withdrawal from brink... Of Nutrition Science and Policy Review LLC 401 E. Jackson St, Ste 3300 Tampa, FL 33602 weapons... Territory to be used as a launching pad against its neighbors war that is ours.
Cape Coral Police Accident Report,
Formula 1 Performance Coach Salary,
Aragon High School Graduation 2022,
Xanax Gocce Sotto La Lingua,
Articles U